Bystander Effect: The tendency for individuals to be less likely to help a person in need when others are present. The diffusion of responsibility among a group often leads to inaction.
Cognitive Dissonance: The discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes. People are motivated to reduce this discomfort by aligning their thoughts and behaviors.
Confirmation Bias: The tendency to interpret and remember information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs. It can contribute to the reinforcement of stereotypes and hinder objective decision-making.
Placebo Effect: The phenomenon where a person experiences real improvement in their condition after receiving a treatment with no therapeutic effect, simply because they believe the treatment will work.
Selective Attention: The brain's ability to focus on specific aspects of the environment while ignoring others. This is essential for processing information efficiently but can lead to missing important details.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: A theory proposing that human needs are arranged in a hierarchical order, from basic physiological requirements to higher-level needs such as self-actualization and personal growth.
Stanford Prison Experiment: A controversial study demonstrating the powerful influence of social roles and situations on human behavior. It highlighted the potential for abusive behavior in certain institutional settings.
The Halo Effect: The tendency to judge a person's overall character based on one prominent positive or negative trait. For example, perceiving physically attractive individuals as more competent or assuming that someone who made a mistake in one area is incompetent overall.
Stereotype Threat: The concept that individuals may experience anxiety or impaired performance when they feel they are at risk of confirming a negative stereotype about their social group.
Emotional Intelligence: The ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions, as well as the ability to perceive and influence the emotions of others. It plays a crucial role in personal and social success.
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